#Lap laser apollo users manual software

It has an array of indicator lights, numeric displays, and a calculator-style keyboard. The user interface to the AGC was the DSKY, standing for display and keyboard and usually pronounced 'DIS-kee'. The CPU-internal 16-bit word format was 14 bits of data, one overflow bit, and one sign bit ( ones' complement representation). :вЂЉ27 The memory word length was 16 bits: 15 bits of data and one odd- parity bit. The computer had 2048 words of erasable magnetic-core memory and 36,864 words of read-only core rope memory.

This is possible because NOR gates are universal logic gates from which any other gate can be made, though at the cost of using more gates. :вЂЉ129 The use of a single type of IC (the dual NOR3) throughout the AGC avoided problems that plagued another early IC computer design, the Minuteman II guidance computer, which used a mix of diodeвЂ“transistor logic and diode logic gates. They were connected via wire wrap, and the wiring was then embedded in cast epoxy plastic. :вЂЉ27,вЂЉ266 The ICs, from Fairchild Semiconductor, were implemented using resistorвЂ“transistor logic (RTL) in a flat-pack.

While the Block I version used 4,100 ICs, each containing a single three-input NOR gate, the later Block II version (used in the crewed flights) used about 2,800 ICs, mostly dual three-input NOR gates and smaller numbers of expanders and sense amplifiers. The Apollo flight computer was the first computer to use silicon IC chips. The flight hardware was fabricated by Raytheon, whose Herb Thaler was also on the architectural team.ДЇollowing the use of integrated circuit (IC) chips in the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) in 1963, IC technology was later adopted for the AGC. Laning Jr., Albert Hopkins, Richard Battin, Ramon Alonso, and Hugh Blair-Smith. The AGC was designed at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory under Charles Stark Draper, with hardware design led by Eldon C. The AGC in the lunar module ran its Apollo PGNCS (primary guidance, navigation and control system), with the acronym pronounced as pings.ДЇlatpack silicon integrated circuits in the Apollo guidance computer The AGC in the command module was the center of its guidance, navigation and control (GNC) system. Each Moon flight carried two AGCs, one each in the command module and the Apollo Lunar Module, with the exception of Apollo 8 which did not need a lunar module for its lunar orbit mission.

2.7 Interrupts and involuntary countersДЄstronauts manually flew Project Gemini with control sticks, but computers flew most of Project Apollo except briefly during lunar landings.

The computer's performance was comparable to the first generation of home computers from the late 1970s, such as the Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET. The AGC was the first computer based on silicon integrated circuits. The AGC and its DSKY user interface were developed in the early 1960s for the Apollo program by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory and first flew in 1966.

#Lap laser apollo users manual software

Most of the software on the AGC is stored in a special read-only memory known as core rope memory, fashioned by weaving wires through and around magnetic cores, though a small amount of read/write core memory is available.ДЄstronauts communicated with the AGC using a numeric display and keyboard called the DSKY (for 'display and keyboard', pronounced 'DIS-kee'). The AGC has a 16-bit word length, with 15 data bits and one parity bit. The AGC provided computation and electronic interfaces for guidance, navigation, and control of the spacecraft. The Apollo Guidance Computer ( AGC) is a digital computer produced for the Apollo program that was installed on board each Apollo command module (CM) and Apollo Lunar Module (LM). Discrete silicon integrated circuit (IC) chips ( RTL based)Дў048 words RAM ( magnetic-core memory), 36,864 words ROM ( core rope memory) ДSKY, IMU, Hand Controller, Rendezvous Radar (CM), Landing Radar (LM), Telemetry Receiver, Engine Command, Reaction Control System